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They also observed that former smokers were more likely to develop seropositive RA than lifelong non-smokers (relative risk 1.76). These data suggest that RF production is associated with high-intensity cigarette smoking and that, once smoking has induced RF production, this process continues despite the cessation of cigarette smoking. In their study, Masdottir et al. observed an association between pack-yr smoked and IgM and IgA RF in female patients, and likewise Wolfe [5] observed a significant association between an increased concentration of IgM RF and pack-yr smoked in RA, independent of the smoking status of the patient.